voyage-vista.comModhera Sun Temple: Ancient Artistry Meets Timeless Beauty!
In the modern era, solar energy is important in every field, from mechanical science to biological science. Texts and temples prove that ancient Indians knew the importance of the sun from the Vedic period. The sun is the god of life, health, and strength. Accepting the rising sun as a deity in the form of knowledge, the ancient Gurus directed his worship to the disciples. According to ‘Prashn-Upnishad’, sun rays of early morning are referred to as ‘Amrit Varsha’.
When it comes to architectural marvels that stand the test of time, the Modhera Sun Temple in India is a shining example. Nestled in the heart of the western state of Gujarat, this ancient temple is not just a place of worship but a testament to the rich cultural heritage of India. In this article, we will delve deep into the history, architecture, and significance of the Modhera Sun Temple, exploring why it continues to captivate the hearts of tourists and historians alike.
A Glimpse into History
The Modhera Sun Temple, also known as the ‘Surya Mandir,’ is a Hindu temple dedicated to the solar deity, Lord Surya. It was built in the 11th century, during the reign of King Bhimdev Solanki I of the Chalukya dynasty. The temple is renowned for its impeccable architectural design and intricate carvings, making it a prime example of Solanki-style temple architecture. Its historical significance is evident not only in its age but also in its association with the grand tradition of sun worship in Hinduism.
At the time when Bhimdev Solanki constructed the magnificent Sun Temple at Modhera (in January 1026 AD), Mahmud of Ghazni came with his army to loot the temple of Somnath. On learning that he was coming to Anhilwad from here, Banavali king Bhimdev Solanki left his people and fled to Kanthkot in Kutch. Mahmud’s marauders indiscriminately plundered the royal gold stores of Anhilwar, emptied the granaries, massacred the people, looted the Rudra Mahal and destroyed the temples. The Sun Temple of Modhera was under construction at that time, but it was damaged by Mahmud’s army.
When Mahmud returned after plundering and murdering, King Bhimdev came forward with an army of 20,000 to challenge him and was badly defeated. Among the many virtues of being heroic, only one, called fear, weighed heavily on Bhimdev. The cowardice that he showed for the first time against the murderous Ghaznavi army is considered his biggest mistake. Today, however, Bhimdev is remembered for giving the Sun Temple a glorious heritage in India.
Architectural Brilliance
Extraordinary Geographical Location and History
The Sun Temple of Modhera is located on the Tropic of Cancer. The Brahmkhand of the Skanda Purana mentions this place as Dharamaranya. As per the guidance of Guru Vashisht, Lord Rama came here to get rid of the sin of killing Ravana, a Brahmin. It is also said that Saint Valmiki performed a Yagya (or Yajna) here to unite Luv-Kush with Lord Ram. The Brahmins who assisted in the Yagya were of the ‘Modh’ caste; hence, the place eventually came to be known as ‘Modhera’, The present Surya temple, contemporary with the Chandel and Chaul temples of northern India, was built by the Suryavanshi king Bhimadeva Solanki, but the year of its construction is uncertain. In an inscription of the temple, the year Vikram Samvat 1083 (Hindu Calendar) is engraved upside down on the wall. It can be assumed that there was a defect in its re-installation after the vandalism caused by the Mahmud of Ghazni, and the inscription dated Vikram Samvat 1083 may indicate the time of Mahmud’s terror or the year of the temple’s prestige.
The unique architecture of the temple
The temple is constructed with sandstone; no cement is used to join the stones together; only the walls are plastered by skillfully interlocking the stones. Despite being repeatedly vandalized by foreign invaders, the remaining temple has stood for nearly 900 years, a glimpse of the collapse that followed its construction and subsequent ruinous renovations.
Modhera Sun Temple has a total of three parts.
(1) Garbha Griha, (2) Sabha Mandap and (3) Surya Kund
1. Garbha Griha
As you enter the temple complex, you are greeted by the ‘Sabalikas’ or assembly hall. This hall, supported by numerous intricately carved pillars, leads to the ‘Gudhamandapa,’ the inner sanctum of the temple. The Gudhamandapa is where the presiding deity, Lord Surya, was once enshrined. The pillars in this section of the temple are adorned with depictions of various deities, celestial beings, and scenes from Hindu mythology.
Gudh Mandapa and Sanctum: The third and main part of the Surya Mandir is a twin: Gudh Mandapa and Sanctum (Garbh Gruh). Exiting from the western gate of the Sabha Mandap is the entrance to the Gudh Mandap, which is also constructed with ornate arches and long, graceful columns. On the equinox days (when day and night are equal to 12–12 hours) on March 21 and September 23, the first ray of the rising sun would fall directly on the crown of the sun god located in the sanctum, and the sanctum would glow.
According to the Sabha Mandapa, there is also a row of elephants (gaja pithika) around its platform. Here, twelve forms of the sun according to the twelve months of the solar year are carved as idols of the ‘Dwadash Adityas‘. It is said that once upon a time, in the sanctum, there was a golden statue of the sun god seated on a seven-horse chariot driven by the charioteer Arun. Under the statue was a box full of gold coins. At present, the place is empty, with only a pit as evidence of plunder by heathen marauders.
On the walls here, there are sculptures of Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu, Lord Varah, Lord Narasimha. Besides, statues of Uma-Maheshvar, Goddess Durga and Ganesha in dancing postures are also seen. External walls are adorned with Ashta-dikpalas (guardians of all directions), several deities, different forms of Gauri, Apsaras in various dance postures, musicians playing instruments, and Gandharva sculptures. The sculptors of that time also did not forget to express their gratitude to the sun for the fact that life on earth is not possible without the energy of the sun. The complete life cycle of humans is engraved on the outer walls. It is only surprising if one is not surprised to see the staged sculptures from birth to death. Until you see these sculptures of Modhera Surya Mandir carefully, you will not get an idea of their artistic beauty.
The magnificence of every temple is attributed to its high spire. This sun temple does not have a spire, as it has been fragmented. Further damage to the temple was done by Allauddin Khilji in the 14th century.
2. Sabha Mandap
The octagonal Sabha Mandap with an arched roof is located between the sanctum and Surya Kund. This mandap has 52 pillars, as an indication of fifty-two weeks in a solar year. The idols carved on each are so mesmerizing that one cannot stop himself from admiring the artisans of the time who were masters of the art of sculpture. Various mythological events are depicted in it in the form of sculptures. Scenes from the Ramayana like Sitaji in Ashoka Vatika, the monkey army bringing stones to build a bridge, and scenes from the Mahabharata like Lord Krishna lifting Govardhan mountain with his fingertips, Arjuna carrying Gandiva in Draupadi’s Swayamvara, Vishkanyas beautifying Draupadi, etc. are complex yet highly precise rock art.
All around the plinth is a row of small elephants, i.e., Gaja Pithika, in which no two elephants with the same posture are found. It is so lavishly carved; the fifty-two pillars supporting the roof and the strategic arrangement of the gateways enhance the beauty of the artistic carvings through the combination of sunlight and shadows coming from different angles throughout the day. The ceiling, seven meters high from the ground, has floral carvings on the inside of the central dome and a chandelier-like sculpture in the shape of lotus petals in the middle. This mandap was used for meetings as well as for celebrating religious festivals, dancing, music, etc.
One of the most remarkable features of the Modhera Sun Temple is its unique ‘Ratha’ or chariot-like architecture. The temple is designed in such a way that during the equinoxes, the first rays of the sun illuminate the image of Lord Surya in the sanctum. This celestial alignment highlights the temple’s connection to sun worship and showcases the architectural brilliance of the time.
3. Kund – The Sun Temple Tank
Adjacent to the temple is the ‘Surya Kund,’ a grand step-well that once served as a place for ritualistic bathing before entering the temple. The kund (pool) features stunning miniature shrines and over a hundred intricately carved pillars. It is a visual treat for art enthusiasts and history buffs alike.
According to the Hindu Purana of Surya, the Sun is believed to have originated from the sacred divine water; hence, the water pool is established near the Sun temple. In front of the Sun Temple is a beautiful and attractive rectangular stepwell, measuring 53.6 × 36.6 m in length and breadth. The main feature of this pool is the small temples built on the steps on all four sides, totaling 108 temples with beautiful carvings and a precise geometric sky. This architecture is an engineering marvel. Temples of Lord Vishnu, Natraj, Ganesha and Shitla Mata, besides many others.
 Other gods and goddesses are built on the steps of the Stepwell. The intricate carvings on each temple are a proud example of Indian sculpture. It is also called Ram Kund, as Lord Rama performed Yagya here.
Cultural Significance
The Modhera Sun Temple is not just an architectural gem but also a symbol of cultural and religious significance. It stands as a testament to the deep-rooted beliefs and practices of ancient India. The grandeur of the temple, with its sculptures and carvings, is a visual representation of the devotion and reverence that people held for the Sun God.
Modhera Dance Festival
Every year, the Modhera Sun Temple becomes the stage for the famous ‘Modhera Dance Festival.’ This cultural extravaganza celebrates classical dance forms and showcases India’s rich artistic heritage. Dancers from across the country come here to pay homage to the Sun God through their mesmerizing performances.
There is no sun worship or puja performed daily in Modhera Sun Temple, as there is no idol in the sanctum. Of course, since 1992, every year in the third week of January, after the conclusion of the Uttarayana festival, a three-day special dance festival called Uttarardha Mohotsav is organized here by the Tourism Department of Gujarat. It is held in the courtyard of Surya Mandir in the evening.
The best performers from different parts of India perform various types of classical dances like Kuchipudi, Bharat Natyam, Kathak, Odissi etc. to pay homage to the Sun God and adorn the premises of the Sun Temple. An ethereal atmosphere is created when the entire temple and its premises are lit up with colorful lights. Many people who are interested in folk dance and music as well as cultural programs come from Gujarat and other states to witness and enjoy the grand occasion of ‘Uttarardh Mohotsav’. Information on upcoming festivals can be found at www.gujarattourism.com
Preservation Efforts
Preserving the Modhera Sun Temple for future generations is of paramount importance. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has undertaken extensive restoration work to ensure that the temple remains structurally sound and continues to enchant visitors with its beauty.
Quick Info:
| Category | Information |
|---|---|
| Location | Modhera Sun Temple, Modhera, Gujarat, India |
| Google Location | Modhera Sun Temple on Google Maps |
| Famous For | An exquisite sun temple with intricate carvings and stunning architecture |
| Best Time to Visit | Explore between October and March for pleasant weather |
| Entry Fee | Check with the temple authorities for the latest entry fees |
| Visiting Hours | Open from morning to evening; check specific timings for rituals |
| Accommodation | Options are available in nearby towns like Mehsana |
| Transportation | Nearest airport: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport (Ahmedabad) Nearest railway station: Mehsana Railway Station |
| Language | Gujarati, Hindi, and English are commonly spoken |
| Currency | Indian Rupee (INR) |
| Safety Tips | Respect religious sanctity, follow temple rules, and be cautious on the premises |
| Local Etiquette | Maintain silence during rituals, avoid photography if prohibited, and dress modestly |
| Emergency Numbers | Police: 100, Medical Emergency: 108 |
Good to know Before you plan your Trip:
Traveling to the Modhera Sun Temple is a rewarding experience, but there are some important points to consider:
Location: Modhera is located in the Mehsana district of Gujarat, India. It’s approximately 100 kilometers from Ahmedabad, the nearest major city. Plan your transportation accordingly. Modhera is 90 km from Ahmedabad, 35 km from Patan, and 25 km from Mehsana. Apart from these three cities, the bus service of Gujarat State Transport is available from many other cities. The nearest railway station is 14 km from Becharaji and 28 km from Mehsana.
Best Time to Visit: The ideal time to visit the temple is during the winter months, from October to March, when the weather is pleasant. Summers can be scorching, so it’s best to avoid visiting during this season. The ‘Uttaradh Mohotsav’ held in January is worth enjoying. If the heat is uncomfortable in the summer, the atmosphere here is different in the monsoons. It is fun to watch the rainwater going into the sun tank from the steps.
Accomodation: There are many hotels in Becharaji, Patan, and Mehsana. There is a Dharamshala in Modhera only for the Modha community. No accommodation facility is available for others.
Timings and Entry Fee: The temple is open from morning until evening, and it’s best to visit during daylight hours to fully appreciate its architecture and surroundings. Sun temple viewing time: 08:00 a.m. to 06:00 p.m. Entry fee is Rs. 25/- in cash or Rs. 620/- cashless through UPI mode.
Footwear: You will need to remove your shoes before entering the temple premises as a sign of respect. You may carry socks or wear comfortable footwear for the visit.
Modest Dress: It’s advisable to dress modestly when visiting religious sites in India. Ensure that your clothing covers your shoulders and knees.
Photography: Photography is usually allowed in the temple complex, but it’s courteous to ask for permission if you wish to take pictures of the locals or inside the temple.
Respect Local Customs: Be respectful of local customs and traditions. Follow the guidelines set by the temple authorities and maintain decorum during your visit.
Local Cuisine: Don’t miss the opportunity to savor the local Gujarati cuisine in the nearby towns. Gujarati thali, snacks like dhokla and fafda, and traditional sweets like jalebi are must-tries.
Accommodation: Modhera doesn’t have many accommodation options, so it’s common to stay in nearby cities like Ahmedabad or Patan and plan a day trip to the temple.
Language: While English may not be widely spoken, you can get by with basic English in most tourist areas. It’s always helpful to have a few common Gujarati phrases or a translation app handy.
Local Guides: Hiring a local guide can enhance your experience, as they can provide valuable insights into the temple’s history and architecture.
- The Sun Temple is supervised by the Archaeological Survey of India. It also has a museum within the temple premises, which can be visited free of charge. Time: 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
- Visit the website of the Sports, Youth, and Cultural Activities Department of Gujarat State regarding admission to ‘Uttaradh Mohotsav’. Link: tinyurl.com/y52j9jao
Remember that the Modhera Sun Temple is not only a place of historical significance but also a sacred site for many. Respecting the local culture and traditions will ensure a meaningful and enjoyable visit.
Conclusion
In a world where time often erases the footprints of the past, the Modhera Sun Temple stands as a timeless reminder of India’s glorious history and artistic heritage. Its architectural brilliance, cultural significance, and devotion to Lord Surya make it a must-visit destination for tourists, historians, and anyone seeking to witness the intersection of ancient artistry and timeless beauty. So, plan your visit to the Modhera Sun Temple and immerse yourself in the captivating history and spirituality it offers.
In the serene courtyard of Modhera Sun Temple, one can’t help but feel a profound connection to the past, where the rays of the sun continue to illuminate the path to enlightenment, just as they did centuries ago.
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